浒苔碳汇功能评估及其扩增途径

浒苔(Ulva prolifera)不仅是绿潮暴发的主要生物种类,也是海洋中重要的碳汇生物。浒苔生长速度快、繁殖方式多样、抗逆能力强,能够在短时间内形成大规模生物量,本文在此基础上评述了中国近海浒苔生物在生长和漂移过程中的固碳特点：浒苔具有独特的高pH诱导HCO3–利用机制,可提高HCO3–的吸收效率,并促进漂浮浒苔对空气中CO2的吸收,同时,C4固碳途径增强了漂浮浒苔在高光辐射时的碳固定效率,这种多样化的碳吸收和碳固定模式,使漂浮浒苔光合固碳能力增强,漂浮状态下可以快速积累生物量。以上特点使得浒苔的固碳效率显著高于主要养殖藻类,如海带、裙带菜和紫菜等。2007年以来,黄海海域连续15年暴发世界上最大规模浒苔绿潮,最大分布面积年均在3万km2以上,最大覆盖面积年均超过500 km2,浒苔生物量年均在150万t以上,据此估算,2008―2020年净碳汇量为2.5~27.5万t,年均超过7.8万t,高于主要养殖藻类,如江蓠、紫菜和裙带菜的年均固碳量,仅次于海带的年均固碳量。浒苔巨大的生物量和强大的碳固定能力使其成为一个潜在的、不可忽视的海洋碳汇和碳储途径,建议浒苔绿潮暴发时,进一步加强浒苔打捞力度和资源化利用程度,实现碳利用和去富营养化的双赢,推动浒苔碳汇产业早日加入碳市场,使其成为一个新的低碳经济增长点。     

Exploring the Potential of Icelandic Seaweeds Extracts Produced by Aqueous Pulsed Electric Fields-Assisted Extraction for Cosmetic Applications

A growing concern for overall health is driving a global market of natural ingredients not only in the food industry but also in the cosmetic field. In this study, a screening on potential cosmetic applications of aqueous extracts from three Icelandic seaweeds produced by pulsed electric fields (PEF) was performed. Produced extracts by PEF from Ulva lactuca, Alaria esculenta and Palmaria palmata were compared with the traditional hot water extraction in terms of polyphenol, flavonoid and carbohydrate content. Moreover, antioxidant properties and enzymatic inhibitory activities were evaluated by using in vitro assays. PEF exhibited similar results to the traditional method, showing several advantages such as its non-thermal nature and shorter extraction time. Amongst the three Icelandic species, Alaria esculenta showed the highest content of phenolic (mean value 8869.7 µg GAE/g dw) and flavonoid (mean value 12,098.7 µg QE/g dw) compounds, also exhibiting the highest antioxidant capacities. Moreover, Alaria esculenta extracts exhibited excellent anti-enzymatic activities (76.9, 72.8, 93.0 and 100% for collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase and hyaluronidase, respectively) for their use in skin whitening and anti-aging products. Thus, our preliminary study suggests that Icelandic Alaria esculenta-based extracts produced by PEF could be used as potential ingredients for natural cosmetic and cosmeceutical formulations.     

Intraspecific seasonal variation of dormancy and mortality of Phelipanche ramosa seeds

Phelipanche ramosa (Branched broomrape) is an obligate root parasitic plant that is a major pest of oilseed rape in France. Knowledge on seed viability and dormancy under field conditions is crucial to understand how to control P. ramosa, but is as yet unknown. Our study aimed to quantify these processes with a 2‐year seed burial experiment. Two genetically distinct populations of P. ramosa were studied, collected on winter oilseed rape (population O) and hemp (population H). Seed mortality was very low in both populations (4–7% per year). Although obligate parasitic seeds are assumed to germinate only after exposure to germination stimulants from host root exudates, a high proportion of population H seeds germinated spontaneously (up to 90%). Seeds of both populations displayed seasonal dormancy, with timing and magnitude depending on the population. Dormancy was low at the time each native host crop is usually sown. Populations differed in germination dynamics, with seeds of population H germinating faster. The difference in behaviour that we observed between populations is consistent with reported adaptations of pathovars to their preferred hosts. The results indicate that the parasitic plant management requires targeting at the populations concerned. For example, delayed sowing is more promising against population O than against population H.     

参藻混养生态系统中孔石莼、蛋白核小球藻与刺参的相互作用研究

为了探讨参藻混养生态系统中孔石莼Ulva pertusar、蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa与刺参Apostichopus japonicus的相互作用,采用实验生态学方法进行了10~6、10~5 cells/mL两种浓度的蛋白核小球藻与孔石莼及刺参不换水混养的生态效应研究。结果表明:孔石莼和小球藻能有效地吸收养殖水体中的氮磷;10~6cells/mL浓度的小球藻在与孔石莼、刺参混养时对孔石莼有明显的抑制作用,而10~5 cells/mL浓度的小球藻对孔石莼有一定的抑制作用。研究表明,小球藻浓度为10~5 cells/mL的混养组在水质、刺参生长方面与孔石莼混养组相近,且能较好地抑制孔石莼过快生长。     

高支化聚脲对脲醛树脂胶黏剂耐水性能和甲醛释放量的影响

引入高分子量、高支化度以及端基为尿素的高支化聚脲(HBPU)用于低摩尔比脲醛树脂(UF)改性,利用HBPU与游离甲醛的反应以及与UF组分的共缩聚反应实现树脂耐水性能的提升和人造板甲醛释放量的降低,有效平衡胶合性能和甲醛释放量之间的矛盾。在无溶剂、无催化剂条件下,通过尿素(U)与三(2-氨基乙基)胺(TAEA)的脱氨缩合反应,一步合成了具有尿素端基的HBPU,并对HBPU的分子量分布和结构进行了表征。使用HBPU水溶液,采用UF合成反应后期加入和共混2种方法对UF进行改性,通过胶合板性能测试以及甲醛释放量测定,考察了HBPU添加量和添加方式的影响。凝胶渗透色谱和碳-13核磁共振分析表明,通过本研究的合成方法可以获得具有高分子量、高支化度、尿素为端基且水溶性良好的HBPU,并且随着U与TAEA摩尔比的提高,更多尿素封端产物形成。电喷雾电离质谱对改性树脂的分析结果表明,HBPU不仅与UF中的一部分游离甲醛发生羟甲基化反应,同时与UF组分反应生成了部分共缩聚产物。胶合板性能测试结果表明,共混以及反应后期加入HBPU两种方式得到的改性树脂耐水性能均显著提升。同时,使用添加5%HBPU改性树脂制备的胶合板甲醛释放量较未改性树脂制备胶合板降低41%。HBPU改性同步实现胶合性能的提升和甲醛释放量降低的主要原因在于HBPU在提高树脂支化程度的同时,还起到捕捉游离甲醛的作用。解决UF胶合性能和人造板甲醛释放量之间矛盾的关键在于提升树脂的支化程度,同时降低树脂中游离甲醛的含量,而引入高分子量、高支化度、具有类似尿素反应活性的聚合物是同步实现胶合性能提升和甲醛释放量降低的有效途径。     

Caecum odd-numbered and branched-chain fatty acid composition in response to dietary changes in fattening rabbits

The study aimed to describe the interactions between nutrition and caecal bacteria abundance using odd-numbered and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA). Following a 2 × 2 factorial design, 47 rabbits were fed diets with two levels of digestible fibre (DF, 180 vs. 260 g/kg DM) supplemented with soybean oil (SO, 20 g/kg) or not. At 77 days of age, fatty acid (FA) composition was determined in caecal contents. The microbial origin of OBCFA vs. dietary FA in caecal contents was illustrated by clustering of these FA in the loading plots of principal component analysis. The contribution of odd-numbered FA in the OBCFA pattern was increased (p < 0.05) for high DF diets, whereas that of branched-chain FA decreased (p < 0.05), indicating potential shifts in the relative abundance of Gram-negative and Gram-positive fibrolytic bacteria respectively. Soybean oil reduced the relative importance of OBCFA (p < 0.001) in total microbial FA; however, its effects appeared to depend on the readily available fermentable substrate, as indicated by the DF × SO interactions (p < 0.001). In conclusion, OBCFA may be potentially used as markers of caecum function, but further detailed studies are necessary to validate their use as diagnostic tools in rabbit nutrition.     

Lethal effect of filamentous algal blooms on Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) eggs in the Baltic Sea

1. During this study, the effects of epiphytic filamentous algae on the survival of demersal spawned fish eggs were investigated in one of the most important spawning grounds of herring in the western Baltic Sea, which is subject to intense and ongoing eutrophication.
2. In coastal marine ecosystems all over the world, eutrophication is a primary water quality issue, often resulting in mass developments of bloom‐forming algae. Macro‐algal blooms have immense ecological effects, as they alter the structure and the function of an ecosystem. Numerous fish species are affected, as they depend on those coastal areas for spawning and as juvenile habitats.
3. A comparison of the survival of herring eggs on two natural spawning beds re‐vealed an immense impact of a filamentous algal bloom. The mortality rate reached nearly 100% in the area with massive occurrence of filamentous brown algae.
4. Hypothesizing that the presence of filamentous algae facilitates herring egg mortality, field and laboratory experiments were conducted and revealed particular effects of distinct algal species. The survival rate of artificially spawned eggs on algal substrates and control substrates was compared. Whereas filamentous forms of the green alga Ulva intestinalis induced no immediate effect, significantly higher egg mortality was documented in experiments with the filamentous brown alga Pylaiella littoralis.
5. Considering the ecological and economical importance of herring and other coastal spawners on the one hand and the persisting and increasing effects of eutrophication and climate change on the other hand, the results of our study clearly underpin the necessity to increase global efforts to reduce nutrient loads in coastal waters.

     

Thermal stress responses of a sterile mutant of Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta)

SUMMARY: The thermal stress responses of a sterile mutant of the marine alga Ulva pertusa were investigated at 20°C and 30°C. The amounts of the photosynthetic pigments, β-carotene, chlorophylls a and b , lutein, neoxanthin, and violaxanthin, were 1.4–2.4 times higher in the 30°C-cultivated alga than in the 20°C-cultivated alga. The free amino acids, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, and serine, were abundant in the 20°C-cultivated alga, and increased 1.9–10.5-fold in response to thermal stress (30°C). Total carbon and nitrogen contents also increased in the 30°C-cultivated alga. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of total proteins extracted from both temperature-treated algae showed the increases of 20, 25, and 90 kDa proteins in the 30°C-cultivated alga. Isozyme assays for 20 enzymes showed a different banding pattern only in the case of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Although it was observed that both temperature-treated algae possessed NAD⁺- and NADP⁺-specific GDH, the 30°C-cultivated alga had an additional NADP⁺-specific GDH (NADP-GDH). These results suggest that NADP-GDH compensates for the thermally induced decreases in nitrogen assimilation efficiency and thereby regulates nitrogen metabolism under conditions of temperature stress.     

次氯酸钠对扁浒苔叶绿素荧光特性及光合速率的影响

以江苏如东紫菜养殖海区的绿藻群落构成种扁浒苔(Ulva compressa)为研究对象,通过叶绿素提取法、叶绿素荧光技术及液相氧电极研究了不同浓度次氯酸钠溶液对其叶绿素组成、荧光特性和光合速率的作用情况。结果表明:扁浒苔叶绿素含量和荧光特性随着NaClO浓度的升高均呈现逐渐递减的趋势,经10.0 mmol/L的NaClO溶液处理后,藻体叶绿素a和叶绿素b的含量分别为0.030 mg/g,0.039 mg/g;0~6.00 mmol/L的NaClO对扁浒苔叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm有显著影响;10.0~100.0μmol/L次氯酸钠在3 min就能使扁浒苔的光合放氧速率大幅下降,其中100μmol/L组从对照组的1 315 nmol O2/(min·g)降至-472 nmol O2/(min·g)。根据实验结果和实际海区验证,4.0mmol/L的NaClO可以作为清除紫菜养殖海区绿藻的理想试剂。     

A novel strain of Fusarium oxysporum from Germany and its potential for biocontrol of Orobanche ramosa

A newly isolated Fusarium oxysporum strain was investigated for its biocontrol potential against the root parasitic weed Orobanche ramosa (branched broomrape). The fungus was found to affect all developmental stages of the parasite. Orobanche seed germination was reduced by 40% in the presence of fungal conidia in vitro . The number of underground tubercles and shoots of the weed was reduced by the fungus by 55% compared with the control and 92% of tubercles were recorded as diseased in root chambers. In pot experiments, soil application of a granular formulation of the fungus resulted in a reduction of number and dry matter of Orobanche shoots by more than 90%. Spraying of a conidial suspension on aboveground Orobanche shoots caused the death of 75% of them within 2 weeks. Data from initial host-range experiments indicate that the isolate is very host-specific, not even attacking shoots of other Orobanche species. Because of these promising results, we conclude that the fungal isolate should be investigated under field conditions and be compared with other Fusarium isolates proposed for biocontrol of O. ramosa .